Background: Although Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is the most prevalent congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract, it has varied presentations and often becomes a diagnostic challenge. The purpose of this study was to review the diverse presentations of MD, record the epidemiologic features for Crete and review the detection techniques and the treatment options. Patients and Methods: This was a review of the records of all children who underwent surgery for MD in the department of Paediatric Surgery of the University Hospital of Crete (Greece) between January 1999 and January 2009. Result: A total of 45 patients (32 male and 13 female) aged 1 to 13 years (median 10 years) with a diagnosis of MD were retrospectively reviewed. The collected data were analysed, looking at age, gender, clinical features, investigations, histopathological findings and surgical interventions. In 25 patients, MD was an incidental finding at laparotomy because of appendicitis. The remaining 20 patients were symptomatic and presented with various clinical features. Nine patients (19.9%) had clinical features of peritonitis; of these, three had perforated MD and six had Meckel's diverticulitis at laparotomy. Four patients were diagnosed with intestinal obstruction. Seven patients (15.5%) presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Ultrasound scans revealed intussusception in three patients, requiring open reduction. The remaining four patients with bleeding per rectum underwent a Meckel's Tc99 scan that showed a positive tracer. Conclusion: All patients with MD underwent Meckel's diverticulectomy with appendicectomy. MD has an incidence of approximately 1 to 2% in our population. It is necessary to maintain a high index of suspicion in the in the diagnosis of MD paediatric age group because it can be easily misdiagnosed.

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Background: Tonsillar diseases are common in paediatric and adult otolaryngological practice. These diseases require tonsillectomy. Specimens are subjected to histopathology routinely in my institution for fear of infections and tumour without consideration for risk factors. The financial burden is on the patients and waste of histopathologist's man hour because other specimens are left un-attended. This study aims to find out the necessity of routine histopathology of tonsil specimens. Materials and Methods : A 2 year retrospective review of the histopathological results of two (paediatric and adult) groups of 61 patients managed for tonsillar diseases at the ENT UNIT of Jos University Teaching Hospital from July 2005 to June, 2007. Data extracted included biodata, clinical features and histopathological diagnosis. Result : The 61 patients comprise 35 children and 26 adults. The youngest and oldest paediatric patients were 1 year and 3 months and 16 years respectively, a range of 1 year 3 months to 16 years. The youngest and oldest adults were 17 and 50 years with a range of 17-50 years. Groups mean ages were 5.1 and 28.5 years. The gender ratios were 1:2.7 and 1:1.9 respectively. One adult was HIV positive. The histopathological diagnosis were chronic nonspecific tonsillitis in 10(16.6%), follicular tonsillitis in 23(38.3%), chronic suppurative tonsillitis in 10(16.6%), lymphoid hyperplasia in 18(30.0%) and lymphoma in 1(1.0%) respectively. Conclusion : Histopathologic request for tonsillectomy specimens should be based on certain risk factors with consideration of the cost to patients and to spare the histopathologist's man hour.

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Introduction: Clinical diagnosis of appendicitis can be challenging, particularly in the paediatric age group. There is an increased risk of perforation in paediatrics; therefore, a need for sensitive and specific diagnostic tool is mandatory. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of preoperative inflammatory markers in supporting the clinical diagnosis of appendicitis in the paediatric age group. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of 268 emergency paediatric appendicectomies performed in a District General Hospital in Wales, over a period of seven years (2002-2009). The data collected from hospital database include preoperative inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells count (WBCC) and post-operative histology. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: The median age group in the study was 12 (2-16). 141 (53%) patients were <12 years, while 127 (47%) patients were 12-16 years old. Male : female ratio = 1 : 1 (134 each). Inflammatory markers were not done for 94 patients (35%). CRP was done for 149 cases (55.6%), while WBCC was done for 172 cases (64%). Both markers were done together for 147 cases (54.8%). Histology was positive (inflamed / gangrenous appendix) in 202 cases (75.4%). Eight cases were associated with Enterobious vermicularis infestation and one patient had carcinoid tumour. The sensitivity and specificity of CRP were 82% and 60%, respectively, with positive predictive value (PPV) of 87% (P<0.0001), while those of WBCC were 80% and 59%, respectively, with PPV of 88% (P<0.0001). The sensitivity and specificity of both markers together were 80% and 70%, respectively, with PPV= 81% (P = 3.11E-8). 94 patients (35%) had an appendicectomy operation based on clinical diagnosis alone without preoperative inflammatory markers having been tested. In 28 cases (30%) out of these, postoperative histology revealed normal appendix (P = 0.18). Conclusion: CRP and WBCC are simple tests that can provide a significant role supporting the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the paediatric age group.

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Background: Caudal anaesthesia is recommended for most surgical procedures of the lower part of the body, mainly below the umbilicus. It has been well established that a dorsal penile nerve block immediately after surgery decreases postoperative pain in children undergoing hypospadias repair. This study aimed to compare caudal or penile nerve block using bupivacaine in postoperative pain control in hypospadias repair in children. Patients and Methods: After local ethical committee approval and obtaining informed parental consent, 85 American society of Anesthesiologists status I and II patients, aged 6 months to 6 years old, undergoing hypospadias repair, were prospectively enrolled in this study. The patients were randomly divided into the following two groups: Caudal block was performed in 44 and penile block was performed in 41 patients. Cardiorespiratory systems data, analgesic requirement and complications were compared between the groups. Results: There were statistically significant haemodynamic (blood pressureand heart rate) alteration during operation in each group (P<0.01). The haemodynamic parameters were stable during operation in successful blocks in both groups. Caudal block success rate is 97.7%, whereas in penile block is 92.6%. Nineteen of 43 patients (44%) in caudal group and 29 of 41 patients (70%) in penile group received analgesia in the postoperative period and this difference was significant between the two groups (P = 0.025). Conclusions: Without ultrasonography and with blind block, with anatomic landmarks only, the caudal block success rate is high and if there is no contraindication for caudal block, it is the best choice in children under 6 years old (or 25 kg) for hypospadias repai.

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Infantile lipoma (or lipoblastoma) of the mesentery is an extremely rare benign tumor of embryonal fat, with 15 cases reported in the English literature until today and only three of them arise from the ileum mesentery. We report an 18-month old boy presenting with a palpable intraabdominal mass arising from the ileum mesentery. Histopathologic and cytogenetic studies confirmed the diagnosis of mesenteric lipoblastoma (or infantile lipoma). Complete excision of the mass was performed. A follow-up examination consisting of physical examination and an abdominal ultrasound at 30 months postoperatively revealed no recurrence. We also present a review of the English literature regarding the presentation and management of mesenteric lipoblastomas in children.

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Context: The alkaline oesophageal burn (EB) is a very debilitating injury and common in the southern rural area of Iran, where the air conditioning systems are cleaned with an alkaline liquid, which is accidentally ingested by children. Aims: The aim is to share our experiences with caustic injury in children. Settings and Design : A 'before' and 'after' clinical trial. Materials and Methods: From November 2006-2009, 35 cases of alkaline burns were referred to our center. All underwent flexible endoscopy and thereafter received steroid, antibiotic and H2 blocker. They subsequently underwent rigid oesophagoscopy, with grade IIb or higher burns, for inserting the two different kinds of stents. Results: Four out of 10 (GIIa <) underwent dilatation occasionally. Fifteen (GIIb) with early large stent (eight weeks) developed complications (three antral contractures, one oesophagotracheal fistula, one tracheobronchial fistula, three perforations, three deaths, and the remaining cases had not undergone dilatation yet. Four out of 10 with (GIIb), who had small stents (Six months) and early gastrostomy needed dilatation every four to six weeks and all recovered, with no significant complications. Conclusions: Early use of gastrostomy prevents malnutrition in patients. Small size stents are much more tolerable for a prolonged time are not obstructed by saliva that washes the wall of the damaged oesophagus continuously and promotes healing.

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Background: This study described the current conditions of work of paediatric surgeons in Francophone sub-Saharan Africa (FSSA) and set the debate at the level of the humanist thinking in medicine. Patients and Methods: This was a multicentre study from 1 ^st May to 30 ^th October 2008. The African Society of paediatric surgeons' directory was used to identify paediatric surgeons in the Francophone's countries in Sub Saharan Africa. The parameters studied were number of surgeons per country, means of training, working conditions, remunerations, needs for continuous training and the research. Results: A total of 41 paediatric surgeons (68.33%) responded. The average number of paediatric surgeons per country was 5. The means of training included government scholarships among 7 paediatric surgeons (17.07%), scholarship from a non-governmental organisations in 14 (34.15%) and self-sponsorships in 20 (48.78%). The average salary was 450 Euros (€) (range: 120-1 400 Euros). Most of the paediatric surgeons (68.29%) had internet services for continuous update courses and research. Thirty six paediatric surgeons (87.80%) had no subscription to specialised scientific journals. Conclusion: The paediatric surgeon in FSSA faces many problems related to his working and living conditions that may have a negative impact on their competences.

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Background: Transanal Swenson's operation is a relatively new single-stage procedure for Hirschsprung's disease. The results of this procedure at our centre are presented. Patients and Methods: Seventeen patients of recto-sigmoid Hirschsprung's disease underwent single-stage transanal Swenson's procedure. The diagnosis was based on the evidence of a transition zone on barium enema examination. A full thickness incision was made on the rectal wall posteriorly, 0.5 cm above the dentate line. The mobilised segment was resected about 5 cm above the transition zone. Frozen sections were performed whenever the transition zone was not clearly seen intra-operatively. The operation was completed by full thickness colo-anal anastomosis. Results: There were fourteen male and three female patients. The ages of the patients ranged from two months to eight years (median 14 months). The median hospital stay was four days (range four to seven days). Two patients required additional abdominal mobilisation. The anatomical transition zone as seen intra-operatively correlated with the pathological transition zone in all the cases. Two patients had episodes of post-operative enterocolitis and the other two patients developed stricture of the anastomosis. The follow-up period ranged from six to 45 months (Mean 35.4 months). Post-operative soiling was observed in all the patients and lasted from two to six weeks (Mean 3.4 weeks). There were no injuries to the surrounding structures. No patient had voiding disturbances and post-void residual urine was normal in all the patients. Initial increased frequency of bowel movements had settled to one to three per day. Conclusions: Transanal Swenson's pull through not only avoids laparotomy, but also the problems associated with the muscular cuff of transanal endorectal pull-through. The anatomical transition zone can be safely utilised to decide the resection limits. By a meticulous technique of dissection, injury to the surrounding structures can also be avoided.

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Background: Hypospadias is one of the commonest penile abnormalities in new born males, and occurs as a result of a birth defect resulting in a urethral opening anywhere from the glans penis along the ventral aspect of the shaft of the penis up to the scrotum or the perineum in extreme cases. The condition has a huge impact on the patient's psychological, emotional and sexual well being. This study aimed to evaluate the current trend in the treatment of hypospadias in Sudan. Materials and Methods: The was a retrospective study done in Elribat university hospital, department of Paediatrics surgery, for patients who underwent hypospadias surgical repair in the period January 2006 to June 2007. Results: There were 50 patients in this study. Regional distribution of the patients showed that 52% of the patients live in Khartoum state, the capital, while 48% were from the peripheries; 12% of patients had family history of similar condition (Hypospadias) and 54% were of low socioeconomic status. Anterior hypospadias was the commonest type (46%), and associated chordee occurred in most of the patients (88%). The most common associated anomalies found were undescended testicles (20%) and inguinal hernia only in 2%. The most common type of repair was MAGPI (meatal advancement and glanuloplasty) with 42% of cases, anterior hypospadias commonest type with 46% of cases, 12% of cases had a family history of the condition and an overall complication rate of 26%. Chordee was the most prevalent association in 88% of cases. Conclusion: There is a high familial tendency for hypospadias in Sudan. Associated chordee and other anomalies are in keeping with other reports. Corrective surgery for hypospadias is associated with high complication rate in our setting. Collaboration between surgical specialties such as plastic surgeons, paediatrics urologist and general surgeons may improve the present complication scenario.

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Aphallia is a complex urogenital malformation. It is rarely described in literature. Treatment calls upon feminising genitoplasty in most cases. Authors describe a case in a neonate, insisting on the sociocultural realities which guided their indications.

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Introduction: An ideal hypospadias dressing material must be cheap and non-allergenic. It also must be easily and quickly applied, non-adherent to the incision, effectively absorb the leakages of the wound, pressurise the flaps and grafts effectively, without damaging the blood circulation, protect against infections, and must be easily and painlessly removable. We use a product that is produced for healing chronic wounds and burns, Allevyn Adhesive^® , as a wound dressing after hypospadias surgery and circumcision. Materials and Methods: We included 61 hypospadias and 85 circumcision cases operated in our clinic between November 2007 and August 2010, for the study. Allevyn Adhesive^® dressing was used in all the cases. For approximately every 10 patients a sheet sized 22.5 x 22.5 cm was used. Results: We did not meet any difficulty in application and removal of the dressings and the dressing could be performed easily even by inexperienced health personnel. The cost of the application is about $5 for each case. We did not encounter any complications with regard to the dressing during the follow-up. Conclusion: We did not encounter any of the complications with Allevyn Adhesive^® that were seen with the use of traditional dressing products, such as, problems with removal of the dressing, development of maceration secondary to inadequate absorption of leakages from the wound, cohesions of the wound lips, and infections and necrosis of the flaps and grafts, secondary to erroneous locations of the dressings. There was no additional therapeutical cost due to the use of this product. For these reasons we thought that Allevyn Adhesive^® is a good alternative for the dressing of hypospadias and circumcision.

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Introduction: We participate in humanitarian missions in Madagascar during which we treat severe hypospadias. We report our experience and results with these patients, in these conditions, and discuss our choice of technique in this particular setting. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 27 patients operated for severe hypospadias during our humanitarian missions in Madagascar between November 2006 and September 2009. Twenty one patients underwent a modified Koyanagi procedure, three underwent a Duckett urethroplasty, two an onlay island flap, one an augmented Duckett and one a tubularised plate urethroplasty. Two patients who underwent a modified Koyanagi repair also had a Nesbitt dorsal plication. Results: Patient age at the time of surgery ranged from 22 to 198 months with a median age of 54.1 months. Mean follow-up was 16 months. Of the 21 patients who underwent a modified Koyanagi procedure, 16 presented at least one complication (76%): A fistula developed in 12 patients (57%), meatal regression developed in 7 (33%) and 2 showed complete wound dehiscence (9.5%). None developed stenosis or urethrocoele. Conclusion: In this particular setting, the postoperative complication rate is high. Nevertheless, the Koyanagi technique is appropriate, because its complications are easy to treat and there is always sufficient ventral tissue for the secondary operation, if necessary.

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Background: Colonic and colorectal surgery frequently requires bowel preparation. This is an evaluation of the use of normal saline for one-day bowel preparation in children with colostomy. Patients and Methods:A prospective study of 55 children with colostomy who had one-day bowel preparation for colonic and colorectal surgical procedures in a 3-year period. The information, along with clinical data was recorded on a structured proforma. Data were analysed using SPSS version 11.0. Results:There were 33 boys and 22 girls. The median age was 4 years (range, one month - 13 years). The primary diagnosis were as follows: Anorectal malformation, 24 (44%); Hirschsprung`s disease, 24 (44%); Faecal incontinence- post-abdominoperineal pull-through, 2 (4%); Penetrating rectal injury, 1 (2%); others, 4(8%). Intraoperative bowel luminal fluid cleanliness was assessed as clear in 36 (62%) and contaminated in 21 (38%). Overall, postoperatively, superficial surgical site infection occurred in 6 (10.9%) patients (2 had clean intraoperative colonic fluid, 5.9%. Conclusion:One-day bowel preparation using normal saline is effective and safe in children with colostomy.

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Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare in children. Unlike nephroblastoma, however, it does not respond well to chemoradiotherapy. Its treatment is therefore based on surgical removal of the tumour. However, lymphadenectomy for RCC is controversial, and its prognosis is unclear. The authors report a case of RCC with MiTF/TFE3 translocation at the stage of lymph node involvement without metastasis in a boy of age 12, who was treated with radical nephrectomy and limited lymphadenectomy. This tumour constitutes a newly individualised entity in the World Health Organization's 2004 classification. Eighteen months after the operation, the patient was presented with no sign of recurrence. This case aids in showing that lymph node involvement in RCC with translocation in children is not associated with a poor prognosis and that lymphadenectomy during surgery for enlarged nephrectomy is essential.

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Urethral duplication is a rare congenital malformation affecting mainly boys. The authors report a case in a Cameroonian child who was diagnosed and managed at the Gynaeco-Obstetric and Paediatric Hospital, Yaounde. The malformation was characterized by the presence of an incontinent epispadic urethra and a normal apical urethra. We describe the difficulties faced in the management of this disorder in a developing country.

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Purpose: Late-presenting posterolateral congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDH) are anatomically similar to isolated neonatal CDH but are diagnosed and treated after the first month of life. We aim to characterise the clinical manifestations and short-term postoperative course of this entity and compare it with isolated CDH of the neonatal period. Materials and Methods: In the 30-year period from 1980 to 2010, 116 children with CDH were treated at the Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. Twenty-three (19%) of these children were late-presenting cases, being diagnosed between the ages of 1 month and 4 years. Ninety-three were neonatal cases, of whom 22 (24%) were excluded due to severe associated anomalies, leaving 71 cases of isolated neonatal CDH. We compared these two groups of patients with regard to preoperative symptoms, postoperative hospital stay, time to complete feeding, overall complication rate, and reoperation rate. Results: Isolated neonatal cases presented more often with acute respiratory symptoms (n=25; P= 0.016) and failure to thrive (n= 38; P= 0.03). Late-presenting cases presented more often with chronic respiratory symptoms (n=14;P= 0.0044) or gastrointestinal symptoms (n=12; P= 0.006). Thirty-five cases with minor or serious complications were reported in the neonatal group, whereas only five complications were observed in the late-presenting group (P= 0.028). We did not record any recurrences or reoperations in the late-presenting group, but we had two recurrences and three reoperations in the neonatal group. Time to full feeds and postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the late-presenting group. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate differences between the two groups in preoperative symptoms and short-term postoperative complications and short-term outcome. Late-presenting cases of CDH had a greater number of chronic symptoms preoperatively, more favorable postoperative outcomes, and less recurrences and reoperations.

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